Zelnik, Zbog and the Gods (Dark Mountain)

Remembering the Recipes that Bind Our Diets to Our Deities, Two Years On

Apr 22, 2025

Anniversary Update: Two years ago, an essay of mine was published in print for the first time. It is a piece of writing that is very dear to me. It came off the heels of a pilgrimage to visit some of my dead in Glasgow, Devon and Aegean Macedonia. Returning home to Oaxaca, I had a week to write and submit an early draft of this piece. To my surprise and deep gratitude, the editorial team at the Dark Mountain Project accepted it for Issue #23: Dark Kitchen.
Two years later, I can say I have a second essay that was published in Dark Mountain’s Issue #25 on relationships and rights to land. That piece, entitled “The Right to Stay Home,” is a kind of sideways sequel to this one that wonders about the places and people our families leave behind in their migrations.

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Originally Published in Dark Mountain Issue #23 - Dark Kitchen (2023). You can purchase a copy and read the other written fermentations here.

In the Old Country, in times that we can no longer sense, there stood God among the people. For as long as they could remember, the people had been of that soil, they could remember working it and being worked by it. While the churches had persisted in the villages since time immemorial, their prayers’ sonic supplications were set over their fields and that is where they found Him.

The Macedonian word for God is bog, and in the old days the word for wheat was zbog. Wheat was the accent on the name of God, the sound that preceded divinity and cradled it among them. Wheat was their God, the field their ministry, and the barn their temple.

Throughout the world, there are stories about the enduring and regenerative matrimony between family and food, between home and harvest, between the dead and the digested, about how such people, wedded to place, understand their deities and their diets to be one and the same. This is one of those stories.

The Flight and The Food

As a child, my sister and I had the great good fortune of being raised, in part, by our baba and dedo. It was the late 1980s and our parents were off working themselves to the bone (mostly for us). This meant that the Old Country tradition of the elders looking after the youngsters survived the mass migration of the village from western Macedonia to east Toronto.

My ancestors managed to withstand four centuries of Ottoman rule, but the collapse of the empire conjured a firestorm in the Balkans whose ghosts continue to haunt the region. In the first half of the 20th century, their villages became revolving doors for the occupations of countless neighbouring armies. The local men were conscripted. Everyone, children included, was forced to speak a foreign tongue. One of my babas remembers policemen, pressed against the family’s house at night, listening in for any whisper of Macedonian, a crime whose punishment included flogging, jail time or being tied to a post for days on end in the town square. In the 1950s, as the ashes of war began to settle, the borders between communist Yugoslavia and fascist Greece were set to be petrified with barbed-wire fences, right down the middle of the lands my extended kin inhabited. ‘Choose,’ they were told. Not unsurprisingly, like so many in the region, they left, rarely if ever speaking of these things in our presence.

My baba and detho on their wedding day. Somewhere in Aegean Macedonia. c. 1950

We were blessed in that way, for a time. But not everything survives exile, and usually it is the memory of migration that’s the first to go. In its place, we often find the gastronomy of a people, cultivating and sometimes hospicing the remnants of culture. My family was no exception.

Arriving in Canada in the 1960s, many of the ex-villagers began working in restaurants, a typical tour-de-force for recent immigrants. Fresh-off-the boat often means right-into-the-kitchen, and, for those who can afford it, into one that can maintain the village hearth and hospitality as a means of survival. To thrive in a new, alien and often hostile world, people utilise what they know, and for many that includes the indelible and ancestral recipes they secretly stash away and smuggle through customs.

While my family never opened a Macedonian restaurant, the Old Country aromas and flavours flowed through their kitchens. Their recipes were resurrected in the New World, feeding the umbilical cord of memory that connected there and here, then and now, us and them.

Our Spiral Sustenance

Among all of our baba’s dishes, there was one that was sacred. Zelnik, they called it. In the Old Country, our people only prepared it for special occasions, which usually meant saints’ days, baptisms, weddings and funerals. As in many cultures, certain foods are reserved resolutely for ceremony as the sustaining, ritual reminders of life’s cyclic celebrations.

To put it another way, the appearance of specific foods, like the appearance of certain dates, the changes in the weather and the shape of the village, signify its' perpetuation and vitality through ceremony. It is ushered in through the kitchen as it is in the fields, as people sow and reap, as they mix and mould the sustaining bounty of their soils.

If there is no field and no farming, what becomes of the ceremony? If there is no ceremony, what becomes of the dish, of the diet, and of the deities?

Macedonian peasants preparing for a meal.

As a child in Toronto, zelnik quickly became my favourite food, and our baba would make it as much as she could whenever we were around. Removed from the place her people knew as the centre of the world for as long as they could remember, we became the occasion for ceremony in her days. She, like many of her sisters, aunts and babas, were the guardians of hearth, hospitality and memory. They, the arches of the familial and communal thresholds, ensured that their ceremonies persisted in exile. From morning till afternoon, she spent hours spreading out the skin thin layers of hand-formed phyllo dough, painting them with butter and egg wash, and filling their innards with brined cheese and sometimes spinach. She would then carefully fold the dough into long serpentine rolls and coil each one around itself until it took the shape of a spiral. These hand-woven, wheaten prayers were then left to Grandfather Fire to bake, and if well-wrought, such a petition would provoke a golden sheen on the surface, signalling the birth of another zelnik.

During our New Year’s gatherings, the babas observed an ancient tradition related to St. Basil. They would hide a coin in the zelnik, then carefully cut the spiral into small sections, ensuring everyone had a piece. Whoever received the auspicious slice would be blessed with good luck (and often money) for the following year, a small manifestation of the family’s continued fortune.

For my people, as for many others, zelnik was a cornerstone of immigrant identity, the breadcrumbs of memory laid down like pathways by the ancestors. They are also often the last thing to disappear from that path after the newcomers shorten their names, cast off their mother tongues, after they trade in their traditional clothing for department store bargains, their craft traditions for office jobs, their dances and rituals for modern rites, and their myths for history.

However, when still stewarded, a people’s foodways can root a sense of identity. This is what zelnik did for me. It was ours. It belonged to us and staked a claim as something that made us Macedonian. It offered a quintessential connection to an ancestral homeland, to culture, and to the dead. But as it turned out, zelnik is part of a looping lineage that can pry us from the pitfalls of ethnicity and nationality, of the overzealous identification with the ‘I’ that often arrives with the seductive satisfaction of recovering my heritage, my history, and my culture. The majesty and mystery of food is that it is never for you and never has been.

The Subversion of a Singular Identity

After our baba’s death, I slowly forgot about her cooking, tasting less and less of it as the years went by. Recently, however, alone in my apartment, I was stopped dead in my tracks by the overwhelming aroma of her freshly baked zelnik.

The ancient odour prompted a web search. Not unsurprisingly, what arose was a litany of mouth-watering photos. One of them popped up with a location attached. It was a restaurant in Turkey. ‘Wow, they have zelnik in Turkey?’ I thought. Then I found a cookbook online with a zelnik recipe in it, but there was no section on Macedonia. The recipe was in the Ukraine chapter. Later on, while hanging out with a Bulgarian friend, I mentioned zelnik and described it to her. ‘Oh, that’s burek,’ she responded. As it turns out, the Turks, the Greeks, the Romanians and almost every other people in the Ottoman-influenced region have their own name (and version) of zelnik. In some cultures, for example, there is no spiral pattern baked into the bread.

The story’s roots expand as they deepen. Before my family emigrated to Canada, before incessant wars and cultural genocide came upon them in the Old Country, Ottoman control spanned North Africa to the Persian Gulf to the Balkans and everything in between. For half a millennium, colonial trade and travel persisted under a system of relative religious freedom (between Muslims, Christians and Jews) and this ensured a veritable kneading of the cultural grain.

The roots of the word burek, zelnik’s better-known sibling, come from the Turkish borek, meaning ‘stew’.1 Like mole in Mexico and curry in South Asia, these names commonly refer to a plurality of flavours, of many seeds and roots. While the etymology of burek stretches back to ancient Persia, the origin of the recipe itself is unclear. Some claim that it arrived from Central Asia by way of Turkic nomads, some consider it a dish of the Ottoman high court, while others see a link to Byzantine times.

Like its Aegean and Anatolian analogues, zelnik was a colonial dish, one that became indigenous to each of those places over time. The people honoured their manner of being in and of place by ensuring that their own local, cultural and ceremonial ingredients were pressed into the dough. Their maker’s mark, in other words. Zelnik is as Macedonian as burek is Bulgarian as placinta dobrogeana is Romanian, all of which are inherited through colonisation. This is to say that sometimes they don’t belong to a single people. Burek is also the national dish of the Macedonian state. By planting the dish in the local terroir, each community plunged their roots into the assimilating ground of empire. Each provides a path towards restoring ancestral memory, and subsequently remembering how it is forgotten.

I’m reminded of the words of a friend and elder, the culture activist, author and grief-worker Stephen Jenkinson: ‘The enemy of my ancestor is also my ancestor.’ The nuances in my people’s traditional dress, in their architecture and dance, even in my own appearance, are all consequences of the conquest, fusion and confusion that arises. Just like zelnik. The wars, the persecution, the migration, the ceremonies, the celebration and the love. Every ingredient is added. All of it. Cradled and cooked, it is nourishment and memory. All are eaten and all are fed, and in this way we begin to undo that enmity, piece by piece.

Two Macedonian peasant families breaking bread.

A Moveable Feast, A Migratory Famine

Years ago, I landed on the semi-desert shores of Oaxaca, Mexico. I was lucky enough to begin an apprenticeship with culture, with what it revealed and what it concealed. In the markets, at the molinos, in the bowls and on the plates of the people, one can peer into the bubbles in the bread and beverages to know something more of place and time. My attention led me to an old understanding, one contained and carried throughout many parts of the world.

In certain parts of southern Mexico, cacao and maize are still remembered as deities. Depending on where and when you are, the names, forms and functions can be distinct, but they are almost always divine and personified as such. While being worshipped as gods, cacao and maize are also known as ancestors – the first ancestors of human beings in Mesoamerica. In the Popol Vuh, the Quiche Maya creation story, the first fathers are both made of maize and subsequently fed it in order to become fully human.

The Quiche are not alone. Countless cultures held and hold their principal foods, their staple crops, and the animals they husband as ancestors. One Hunahpu (maize) in the Mayan world, Dionysus (wine) in Greece, Inari (rice) in Shinto Japan, Axomamma (potato) for the Inca, Heryshaf (sheep) in Egypt, and Maxayuawi (deer) for the Wixarika. Zbog (wheat) for Macedonians.

Scene from the Popol Vuh in which the Hero Twins reincarnate their uncle as the Maize God

When we honour ancestry, we feed the divine among us. When we understand the animals and plants we eat as primordial ancestors, we can begin to coax from the crumbs what it means to commune together, what it means to be nourished by the dead and the divine, and what it means to be descendants of each.

Zelnik is an example of how the enemy of my ancestors is also my ancestor, how each of them, mostly by virtue of being born into their circumstances, are folded into the sustenance that fed my family long enough so I could be here today, writing this for you. Odds are that the stories are not all that different among your people.

Traditional food and drink are not representations of lineage. They are not symbols of ancestry. They are ancestry. In some cases, the foods themselves are the bodies and blood of ancestors transformed, moulded by descendant hands to remake and remember the ancient relationships between the living and the dead who sustain them. In other cases, the foods themselves are the guests of honour, the occasion for the ceremony, the living memory of the sustenance that kept your people alive long enough so you could be reading this today.

To understand what is hidden in our nourishment is to know what we’ve allowed to go unfed, and whom. To deny the inherent diversity in ancestry because it doesn’t suit your politics or morals is to make a monocultural Monsanto field of memory. It is to reproduce what made your people conquerors or conquered in the first place. It is to consume instead of commune. It is to only ever ask what you are eating and never whom.

Today, many of the fields surrounding the villages in western Macedonia, like the fields surrounding my home in Oaxaca, are examples of such amnesia. The Gods of Wheat, like the Gods of Maize, have become relics, reconstituted as alimentary fuel pumps, nutrition sources and natural resources, served by supermarkets, biotech companies and emigration. Similarly, the people of Oaxaca are the inheritors of centuries of brutal conquest, of cultural genocide and exile. The American dream – or nightmare – tempts villagers into the cities, slowly emptying the countryside, uprooting the food-borne relationships that blend together the living, the dead and the divine into masa, the dough of comm-unity.

A Mexican peasant farmer carrying his heriloom corn / maize.

After a day’s work in the jungle, I’m often invited into my compañeros’ homes, offered their ancestral hospitality, fortified and inspirited by their grandmothers’ criollo tortillas. I witness first-hand the often dire dilemmas visiting their villages and all at once am transported to my baba and dedo’s, a century ago. I wonder if the spiral zelnik and the solar tortilla aren’t both anointed tutors of time, holy reminders of resilience and relationship, constantly at risk of slipping from view.

In the few feasts and fields in which these ancestors are still kept alive, nourishment arrives as memory – the collective memory that we are fed and entered into. Communing with the millennia-old lineages tying people to place and food, we are braided into that double-helixed digestion with each bite. What it might offer us is medicine, food for our times: that the lineage of sustenance continues to be forged not because the people in question were your ancestors, not because of what the food is, but who it is.

This is the recipe that my baba inherited, and that she has left to us. These are the ingredients of zelnik, the divine harvest of a people. When these things coalesce, ceremony can begin. When they are forgotten, the world is famished.

This is the food.

This is the grace.

Originally Published in Dark Mountain Issue #23 - Dark Kitchen (2023). You can purchase a copy and read the other written fermentations here. Similarly, you can read the sequel to this piece that was published in Dark Mountain #25, entitled “The Right to Stay Home.”